Description
Taylor & Francis Ltd Combustion Science And Engineering 2006 Edition by Kalyan Annamalai, Ishwar K. Puri
Students embarking on their studies in chemical, mechanical, aerospace, energy, and environmental engineering will face continually changing combustion problems, such as pollution control and energy efficiency, throughout their careers. Approaching these challenges requires a deep familiarity with the fundamental theory, mathematics, and physical concepts of combustion. Based on more than two decades of teaching experience, Combustion Science and Engineering lays the necessary groundwork while using an illustrative, hands-on approach. Taking a down-to-earth perspective, the book avoids heavy mathematics in the first seven chapters and in Chapter 17 (pollutants formation and destruction), but considers molecular concepts and delves into engineering details. It begins with an outline of thermodynamics; basics of thermochemistry and chemical equilibrium; descriptions of solid, liquid, and gaseous fuels; chemical kinetics and mass transfer; and applications of theory to practical systems. Beginning in chapter 8, the authors provide a detailed treatment of differential forms of conservation equations; analyses of fuel combustion including jet combustion and boundary layer problems; ignition; flame propagation; interactive and group combustion; pollutant formation and control; and turbulent combustion. In addition, this textbook includes abundant examples, illustrations, and exercises, as well as spreadsheet software in combustion available for download. This software allows students to work out the examples found in the text. Combustion Science and Engineering imparts the skills and foundational knowledge necessary for students to successfully approach and solve new problems. Introduction and Review of Thermodynamics Introduction Combustion Terminology Matter and Its Properties Microscopic Overview of Thermodynamics Conservation of Mass and Energy and the First Law of Thermodynamics The Second Law of Thermodynamics Summary Stoichiometry and Thermochemistry of Reacting Systems Introduction Overall Reactions Gas Analyses Global Conservation Equations for Reacting Systems Thermochemistry Summary Appendix Reaction Direction and Equilibrium Introduction Reaction Direction and Chemical Equilibrium Chemical Equilibrium Relations Vant Hoff Equation Adiabatic Flame Temperature with Chemical Equilibrium Gibbs Minimization Method Summary Appendix Fuels Introduction Gaseous Fuels Liquid Fuels Solid Fuels Other Fuels Size Distributions of Liquid and Solid Fuels Summary Appendix Chemical Kinetics Introduction Reaction Rates: Closed and Open Systems Elementary Reactions and Molecularity Multiple Reaction Types Chain Reactions and Reaction Mechanisms Global Mechanisms for Reactions Reaction Rate Theory and the Arrhenius Law Second Law and Global and Backward Reactions The Partial Equilibrium and Reaction Rate Expression Timescales for Reaction Solid-Gas (Heterogeneous) Reactions and Pyrolysis of Solid Fuels Summary Appendix Mass Transfer Introduction Heat Transfer and the Fourier Law Mass Transfer and Fick's Law Molecular Theory Generalized Form of Fourier's and Fick's Laws for a Mixture, with Simplifications Summary Appendix: Rigorous Derivation for Multicomponent Diffusion First Law Applications Introduction Generalized Relations in Molar Form Closed-System Combustion Open Systems Solid Carbon Combustion Droplet Burning Summary Conservation Relations Introduction Simple Diffusive Transport Constitutive Relations Conservation Equations Generalized Transport Simplified Boundary-Layer-Type Problems Shvab-Zeldovich Formulation Turbulent Flows Summary Appendix Combustion of Solid Fuels, Carbon, and Char Introduction Carbon Reactions Conservation Equations for a Spherical Particle Nondimensional Conservation Equations and Boundary Conditions Interfacial Conservation Equations or BCs Solutions for Carbon Particle Combustion Thermal NOx from Burning Carbon Particles Non-Quasi-Steady Nature of Combustion of Particle Element Conservation and Carbon Combustion Porous Char Summary Appendix: d Law and Stefan Flow Approximation Diffusion Flames - Liquid Fuels Introduction Evaporation, Combustion, and d2 Law Model/Physical Processes Governing Equations Solutions Convection Effects Transient and Steady-Combustion Results Multicomponent-Isolated-Drop Evaporation and Combustion Summary Combustion in Boundary Layers Introduction Phenomenological Analyses Generalized Conservation Equations and Boundary Conditions Interface Boundary Conditions Generalized Numerical Solution Procedure for BL Equations in Partial Differential Form Normalized Variables and Conservation Equations Similarity Solutions-BL Equations Applications of Generalized Similarity Equations to Various Flow Systems Solutions for Boundary Layer Combustion of Totally Gasifying Fuels Combustion Results for Fuels Burning under Convection Excess Fuel and Excess Air under Convection Summary Combustion of Gas Jets Introduction Burke-Schumann (B-S) Flame Modification to B-S Analyses Laminar Jets Planar Laminar Jets Circular Jets Summary of Solutions for 2-D and Circular Jets Stoichiometric Contours for 2-D and Circular Jets, Liftoff, and Blow-Off Jets in Coflowing Air: Jet Flame Structure in Strongly Coflowing Air for 2-D and Circular Jets Turbulent Diffusion Flames Partially Premixed Flame Summary Ignition and Extinction Introduction Modes of Ignition Ignition of Gas Mixtures in Rigid Systems: Uniform System Constant-Pressure Systems Ignition of Solid Particle Ignition of Nonuniform Temperature Systems-Steady-State Solutions Summary Deflagration and Detonation Introduction Conservation Equations Solutions for Rayleigh and Hugoniot Curves Flame Propagation into Unburned Mixture Summary Appendices Flame Propagation and Flammability Limits Introduction Phemenological Analysis Rigorous Analysis Flame Stretching Determination of Flame Velocity Flammability Limits Quenching Diameter Minimum Ignition Energy for Spark Ignition Stability of Flame in a Premixed Gas Burner Turbulent Flame Propagation Summary Interactive Evaporation and Combustion Introduction Simplified Analyses Arrays and Point Source Method Combustion of Clouds of Drops and Carbon Particles Terminology Governing Equations for Spherical Cloud Results Relation between Group Combustion and Drop Array Studies Interactive Char/Carbon Combustion Multicomponent Array Evaporation Summary Pollutants Formation and Destruction Introduction Emission-Level Expressions and Reporting Effects of Pollutants on Environment and Biological Systems Pollution Regulations NOx Sources and Production Mechanisms NOx Formation Parameters Stationary Source NOx Control CO2 Sequestration Carbon Monoxide: CO SOx Formation and Destruction Soot Mercury Emissions Summary An Introduction to Turbulent Combustion Introduction Turbulence Characteristics Averaging Techniques Instantaneous and Average Governing Equations Governing Differential Equations: Axisymmetric Case and Mixture-Fraction PDF Combustion Model Turbulent Combustion Modeling (Diffusion Flames) Probability Density Function Premixed and Partially Premixed Turbulent Flames: Modeling Approaches Summary Appendix I: Cylindrical Coordinate System with Particle-Laden Flow Problems Formulae Appendix A Appendix B References Index